Organising Alternative Food Networks (AFNs): Challenges and Facilitating Conditions of different AFN types in three EU countries

This study aimed to explore the constraining and facilitating factors impacting emergence consolidation of different types alternative food networks (AFNs) in countries. Drawing on expertise organizers seventeen AFNs, we investigated conditions actors that hinder promote development AFNs Poland, Portugal Netherlands. Using a multi-actor perspective framework, categorized six according their logic characteristics: consumer-led, producer-led, third-sector led, community supported agriculture, public-led, business platforms. Key challenges varied AFN type, depended particularities. In contrast Netherlands, low social capital was commonly cited as challenge Poland. appeared exercise innovative power when creating new forms provision; however, wide scope actions by governmental non-governmental are needed support more AFNs.